ボンソワール書房日誌 Les Éditions Bonsoir Journal

新型インフルエンザ対策？：新型インフルエンザ：従業員感染でも業務継続 上場企業の５３％、対策進む - 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞)

リンク: 新型インフルエンザ：従業員感染でも業務継続　上場企業の５３％、対策進む - 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞).

H1N1の「新型インフルエンザ」は季節性インフルエンザと同じ対応ですみましたが，本当に危ないのは...。「新型インフルエンザ」を甘くみてはいけません。

（以下引用）

新型インフルエンザ：従業員感染でも業務継続　上場企業の５３％、対策進む

　企業で新型インフルエンザ（Ｈ１Ｎ１）の対策が進み、従業員に感染者が出ても全業務を続ける上場企業が過半数に上ることが、損害保険大手ＭＳ＆ＡＤインシュアランスグループホールディングス傘下のインターリスク総研の調査で分かった。対策を取る企業が増え、感染者が出ても被害の拡大防止と業務継続を両立する態勢整備が進んでいる。

　同総研が８～９月、国内の全上場企業を対象に調査し、６４２社から回答を得た。インフルエンザ対策を取る企業の割合は前年から１７ポイント増の８０％に達し、０８年の初回調査（１０％）から大幅に増えた。昨年は国内で約２０７７万人が感染し、旅行客減少などの影響が出ただけに、急速に対策を進めたようだ。具体的な対策（複数回答）は▽消毒剤などの備蓄（９３％）▽発生直後の緊急対応計画の策定（５８％）▽食料、水などの備蓄（３９％）など。

　一方、従業員が感染した場合の対応は「本人を隔離し全業務を継続」が１５ポイント増の５３％と過半数に達した。対策を進めた結果、感染拡大防止が可能との判断が広がったとみられる。「最低限の業務以外は中止」は５ポイント減の１９％、「全業務を中止して従業員を自宅待機させる」は２ポイント減の２％に減少した。【田所柳子】

B 受動喫煙による死亡者数は全世界で60万人／年：Second-hand smoke kills 600,000 a year: WHO study | Reuters

リンク: Second-hand smoke kills 600,000 a year: WHO study | Reuters.

LONDON (Reuters) - Around one in a hundred deaths worldwide is due to passive smoking, which kills an estimated 600,000 people a year, World Health Organization (WHO) researchers said on Friday.

In the first study to assess the global impact of second-hand smoke, WHO experts found that children are more heavily exposed to second-hand smoke than any other age-group, and around 165,000 of them a year die because of it.

"Two-thirds of these deaths occur in Africa and south Asia," the researchers, led by Annette Pruss-Ustun of the WHO in Geneva, wrote in their study.

Children's exposure to second-hand smoke is most likely to happen at home, and the double blow of infectious diseases and tobacco "seems to be a deadly combination for children in these regions," they said.

Commenting on the findings in the Lancet journal, Heather Wipfli and Jonathan Samet from the University of Southern California said policymakers try to motivate families to stop smoking in the home.

"In some countries, smokefree homes are becoming the norm, but far from universally," they wrote.

The WHO researchers looked at data from 192 countries for their study. To get comprehensive data from all 192, they had to go back to 2004. They used mathematical modeling to estimate deaths and the number of years lost of life in good health.

Worldwide, 40 percent of children, 33 percent of non-smoking men and 35 percent non-smoking women were exposed to second-hand smoke in 2004, they found.

This exposure was estimated to have caused 379,000 deaths from heart disease, 165,000 from lower respiratory infections, 36,900 from asthma and 21,400 from lung cancer.

For the full impact of smoking, these deaths should be added to the estimated 5.1 million deaths a year attributable to active tobacco use, the researchers said.

CHILDREN

While deaths due to passive smoking in children were skewed toward poor and middle-income countries, deaths in adults were spread across countries at all income levels.

In Europe's high-income countries, only 71 child deaths occurred, while 35,388 deaths were in adults. Yet in the countries assessed in Africa, an estimated 43,375 deaths due to passive smoking were in children compared with 9,514 in adults.

Pruss-Ustun urged countries to enforce the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which includes higher tobacco taxes, plain packaging and advertising bans, among other steps.

"Policy-makers should bear in mind that enforcing complete smoke-free laws will probably substantially reduce the number of deaths attributable to exposure to second-hand smoke within the first year of its implementation, with accompanying reduction in costs of illness in social and health systems," she wrote.

Only 7.4 percent of the world population currently lives in jurisdictions with comprehensive smoke-free laws, and those laws are not always robustly enforced.

In places where smoke-free rules are adhered to, research shows that exposure to second hand smoke in high-risk places like bars and restaurants can be cut by 90 percent, and in general by 60 percent, the researchers said.

Studies also show such laws help to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked by smokers and lead to higher success rates in those trying to quit.

心肺蘇生法新指針，BLSは心マのみで可：[医療解説] 救命措置 新指針… まず心臓マッサージ : 医療大全 : yomiDr./ヨミドクター(読売新聞)

リンク: [医療解説] 救命措置　新指針… まず心臓マッサージ : 医療大全 : yomiDr./ヨミドクター(読売新聞).

（以下引用）

　心臓と呼吸が止まった人に対する救命措置（心肺蘇生法）の指針が４年ぶりに改定された。一般市民が行う場合には、両手で胸を押す心臓マッサージ（胸骨圧迫）を優先し、口と口をつけて息を吹き込む人工呼吸は必ずしも行う必要はないとされた。（藤田勝）

子供の窒息など人工呼吸有効

　指針は救急の専門家による「国際蘇生連絡委員会」の勧告に従い、日本救急医療財団と日本蘇生協議会による委員会が作成し、１０月に公表された。

　一般市民が心肺蘇生を行う際には〈１〉まず、倒れた人の肩を軽くたたきながら大声で呼びかける〈２〉反応がなければ、周囲の人に１１９番通報や、心臓に電気ショックを与える自動体外式除細動器（ＡＥＤ）を持ってきてもらうよう依頼する〈３〉正常な呼吸がない場合には直ちに胸骨圧迫を開始する。心臓は胸のほぼ真ん中にあり、両手を重ねて胸の中央を繰り返し強く押す。

　従来の指針は、できるかぎり最初に人工呼吸を２回行い、その後に胸骨圧迫を３０回と人工呼吸を２回、交互に繰り返すよう定めていた。

　新指針では、最初の人工呼吸は行わず、ただちに胸骨圧迫を始めるよう改められた。人工呼吸ができないか、ためらわれる場合には、その後も胸骨圧迫のみを続ければ良いとされた。

　人工呼吸は省略してもよくなった分、胸骨圧迫はより強く速いテンポで行うよう改められた。強さは、胸骨の沈む深さ（成人の場合）が従来の「４～５センチ」から新指針では「少なくとも５センチ」に。テンポは１分間に「約１００回」だったのが「少なくとも１００回」に変更された。

　消防庁の統計では、救急搬送された人のうち、一般市民による応急処置を受けていた人は半数に満たなかった。一方、最近の研究で、一般市民では、胸骨圧迫だけでも患者の回復度合いに差はないことがわかった。このため新指針では、手順を簡略化する代わりに積極的に行ってもらう方が効果的と判断された。

　心停止後の迅速な救命措置は生存率を１・６倍高めるとの研究もある。指針作成委員の一人、救急振興財団・救急救命九州研修所教授の畑中哲生さんは「本来は人工呼吸もやってほしいが、慣れない人では空気が入っていかないこともあるし、人工呼吸を嫌がって救命措置をしないことも考えられる。それなら、せめて胸骨圧迫だけでもしっかりやってほしい」と説明する。

　子供（１歳～中学生程度）の場合は、おぼれたり物をのどにつまらせたりして心停止に至ることが多く、人工呼吸が非常に有効だ。保護者や保育士、教員などは、医療従事者と同様に、胸骨圧迫と人工呼吸を組み合わせた心肺蘇生法を学ぶように勧めている。

　また、ＡＥＤの使用では、子供用パッドを用いる対象を従来１～８歳未満としていたのを、未就学児（およそ６歳）以下と変更。小学生以上は大人用とし、現場で混乱なく使えるようにした。子供用パッドがない場合には未就学児でも大人用を使える。

（2010年11月25日 読売新聞）

肋骨よりも命を優先。

ダイエットに成功した人が体重を維持するには，高タンパクで血糖値を上げない食事がよろしい：Study identifies foods that promote weight maintenance - Los Angeles Times

リンク: Study identifies foods that promote weight maintenance - Los Angeles Times.

ダイエットに成功した人が体重を維持するには，高タンパクで血糖値を上げない食事がよろしい。ゴハンやパンなどの炭水化物は避けねばならぬ。

European researchers find that once a person has lost weight, keeping it off is helped by eating foods that are high in protein and low on the glycemic index. For example, poultry, eggs, fish and nuts are considered good choices.

November 24, 2010|By Shari Roan, Los Angeles Times
Thanksgiving is not a day for counting calories. But for people who have dieted this year and are trying to maintain a healthful weight, turkey leftovers — without the stuffing — may be a smart strategy going forward, according to a new report.

In the largest diet study in Europe to date, foods that were high in protein and low on the glycemic index — such as poultry, eggs, fish and nuts — did the best job of helping people maintain their weight loss for 26 weeks, researchers report in Thursday's edition of the New England Journal of Medicine.

The diet also was the easiest for study participants to adhere to among the five weight-maintenance diets tested, the study found.

Though many people can lose weight, "maintaining weight loss is the difficult part," said study leader Thomas Meinert Larsen, an associate professor of food composition and obesity at the University of Copenhagen. "You have to come up with a diet that is easy to follow and is practical long-term. It's reassuring that the most effective diet in our study seems to be the one that is best maintained."

Larsen and his colleagues from around Europe assigned 773 adults who had already lost an average of about 24 pounds to one of five healthful diets designed to encourage a stable weight. All of the diets had a moderate fat content — 25% to 30% of calories from fat — were low on sugar, high in fiber and had no limits on calories consumed daily. However, the participants were asked to watch their portion sizes and adhere to strict criteria, which varied among the groups, regarding the amount of protein consumed and glycemic index.

Glycemic index is a measure of how quickly carbohydrates in food break down and affect blood sugar levels. Those that do so swiftly are assigned a value of 70 or above, while those that break down more slowly and release glucose gradually typically have a value below 55. The glycemic index of white bread is 70, for example, whereas chicken is about 45.

To make sure they followed their diets, the study participants were counseled on what foods to prepare, submitted food diaries and underwent urine tests to check the amount of protein they consumed. A small portion of the participants had their meals prepared for them.

G フットケアと看護：看護師がフットケアで逮捕、「爪切り事件」を考える （医療介護ＣＢニュース） - Yahoo!ニュース

リンク: 看護師がフットケアで逮捕、「爪切り事件」を考える （医療介護ＣＢニュース） - Yahoo!ニュース.

（以下，引用です）

　認知症患者の足の爪を切ってけがをさせたとして、北九州八幡東病院(北九州市)の看護師だった上田里美さんが傷害罪に問われた事件で、福岡高検は今年9月に上告を断念、無罪が確定した。逆転無罪の判決を言い渡した福岡高裁は、容疑を認めたとされる捜査段階の供述調書の信用性を否定した。「刑事さんは写真でしか判断してくれず、何を言っても認めてもらえなかった」と、拘置中の102日間を振り返る上田さん。フットケアに関する捜査機関の理解不足、「鬼看護師」などと書き立てたマスコミ…。この事件は一体、何だったのか。上田さんと、弁護団の上田國廣・主任弁護士に話を聞いた。(敦賀陽平)

―捜査機関の取り調べはどのようなものでしたか。

上田さん　とにかく、わたしの話をなかなかイメージしてもらえませんでした。刑事さんは写真でしか判断してくれず、何を言っても認めてもらえなかった。「水掛け論」になってしまって、どちらかが妥協するまでという感じで…。わたしが根負けする形になってしまいました。
　高齢者に特徴的な分厚い爪や伸び切ってしまった爪について、世間は知りません。どうしても、正常な爪を深く切ったとイメージされてしまった。刑事さんやマスコミの方が考える「爪切り」とのギャップがすごくて、最初は理解してもらえませんでしたが、何度も訴えていくうちにその溝が埋まった。それが無罪を勝ち取れた要因の一つではないかと思っています。

―フットケアに関する国民の認知度が低いことも、今回の事件に影響していたのではないでしょうか。

上田さん　爪切りというのはごく当たり前の行為ですが、フットケアとなると、その範囲は広がります。まだ新しい領域なので、看護職の認知度も低い。これから発達していく分野だと思うので、2年、3年たてば、また違った視点で見てもらえるのかもしれません。

―控訴審では、厚生労働省の文書偽造事件で無罪が確定した村木厚子さんと同様、供述調書の信用性が否定される形となりましたが、一連の出来事の中での判決をどうとらえていますか。

上田弁護士　長年、刑事事件の弁護をやっている立場から言えば、捜査機関が自分たちのストーリーを作って、それを無理やり相手に認めさせるという話は以前からありました。家族にも面会させず、密室の中で心理的に追い詰めるという手法で、これまで数多くの冤罪事件を生んできた。それが上田さんの事件でも見られたという意味で、基本的な構造は今回も同じだと思います。ただ、鹿児島の志布志事件(※編注)や村木事件などで、捜査機関側のストーリーの押し付けが明らかにされてきたことから、裁判所側も自白調書を信用することに少し慎重になってきている気もします。
　今回の裁判では、上田さんが患者さんの爪をケアした後の写真が証拠として残っていた。ケアという観点でとらえず、深く切り過ぎた「爪剥ぎ」と判断した捜査機関だけでなく、専門の先生たちも検証することができました。上田さんが丁寧な爪ケアをしたことを示している客観的な証拠が残っていたことが、今回無罪を勝ち取れた一番の要因だと思います。

上田さん　すごく共感できるというか、村木さんも同じようにつらい思いをしながら、何度言っても理解されず、同じように作られたストーリーにサインをさせられたんだなということが、何となく想像できます。

―福岡高検の上告断念について、弁護団が「今回の無罪判決は、医療や看護など専門分野に関する事件の捜査の在り方にも警鐘を鳴らしている」とする声明を出したことが印象的でした。医療や介護など専門性の高い分野に関して、捜査当局はどう関与すべきなのでしょうか。

上田弁護士　専門分野について捜査してはいけないという話にはなりませんが、関係者の適切なアドバイスを受けながら、捜査に慎重に着手するというのが大前提だと思います。今回は病院の告発後、約1週間後に逮捕となった。権力を握る捜査機関としては、非常に安易で、極めて不適切な対応だったのではないでしょうか。今後は専門性の高いことに配慮し、十分に意見を聴取した上で方向性を見極める。より慎重な判断が必要だということを、今回の裁判は物語っていると思います。

上田さん　保助看法(保健師助産師看護師法)の中でやっていることと、刑法の位置付けとのギャップを感じることが多かったですね。法のすり合わせというか、そうした見直しが必要なのかもしれません。

上田弁護士　専門性の高い分野に捜査機関が介入すると、今回の場合ならば、技術的に進歩した看護を受けられなくなってもよいのかという話になる。よく航空事故の問題が例として挙げられますが、刑事罰になると自分を守らなければならないので、正しい情報が取れなくなる可能性もある。捜査が入ることによって、逆に実態の把握が困難になる場合もあるわけです。捜査機関の人間は、その分野のエキスパートではないわけですから。そうすると、専門家集団による何らかの検証と改善措置が必要になるでしょう。だから、よくいわれるADR(裁判外紛争解決)のような解決手法を取りながら、第三者機関が調査・検討した結果を医療や看護の現場にフィードバックする。捜査機関の役割については、できるだけ例外的で極めて問題のあるケースに絞るという仕組みを考えなければならないのかなと思います。実際、そういう動きが医療も含めたさまざまな分野で検討されているのではないかと思います。

―インターネット上の書き込みやマスコミ報道について、何か思うことはありますか。

上田さん　看護師の中でさえ、爪のケアについて知らない方がいます。ネットの場合、あくまで一般の方が自分たちのイメージで書き込んでいるのでしょう。それは個人の自由ですが、報道する側は、やはりそれなりの知識というか、情報を持って、それを精査した上で書いていただきたいと思います。

上田弁護士　報道機関はニュースバリューが大切なわけだから、物事を面白おかしく報じる。メディア側の心理としては、それが「虐待」だとして、特ダネとしてそれを広めた方がいいわけです。ただ、それが世の中のためにならない場合も多々あって、逆に冤罪を生み出す可能性もある。事実は違うかもしれないから、専門の先生にきちんと判定を仰ぐとか調査報道とかいうような、反対側の情報整理が非常に大切だと思います。何も知らない人が最初に見ると、「こんなに切れている。痛いだろうな」という印象を受けますが、勉強して知識が増えるにつれて、それが「爪肥厚(そうひこう)」(爪が育ち過ぎて分厚くなる)という爪で、シーツに引っ掛かって出血する場合もあることを知る。そうなって初めて、「ここまで切るのが正しいんだな」と分かるわけです。だから今回の問題では、マスコミ報道も悪い流れをつくった要因の一つだと言わざるを得ませんね。

―訪問看護で介護福祉士が行う通常の爪切りについても、出血を伴えば逮捕されるかもしれないとの懸念も広がりました。3年2か月の裁判を振り返って、現場の方に何を伝えたいですか。

上田さん　一番怖いと思ったのは、現場が萎縮すること。そして、きちんとした援助を受けられない患者さんが増えることでした。でも今回、弁護士の先生方や支援者の方々のおかげで無罪が確定し、爪切りは評価されていいということが公明正大にいわれた。だから、今フットケアに従事している方々には自信を持ってほしい。積極的にやらないと技術も向上しないので、萎縮せず、とにかく積極的にやっていただきたいと思います。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　■　　 　　　　　　　　　　■　　　　　　　　　　　　　■

　2007年夏、北九州市の第三者委員会「尊厳擁護専門委員会」は、上田さんの爪の処置を高齢者虐待防止法が規定する「虐待」に当たると認定。報告を受けた市が病院側に再発防止などを指導した経緯があるが、今回の無罪確定を受け、市では年内に同委を開き、認定の経緯を検証する方向で動きだしている。一方、上田さんは病院側に地位確認や慰謝料などの支払いを求める訴訟を起こしているが、今年10月の弁論準備で、裁判所側は和解による解決を打診した。現在、上田さんは北九州市内の小児科クリニックに勤務している。

（以上，引用終わり）

爪のケア，フットケア，ハンドケアは奥の深い世界です。小社が編集にかかわったとてもよい本です。

ピクチャーブック 爪のケア・手足のケア技術

B O157で心臓発作のリスク倍増：BBC News - E. coli O157 linked to heart risk

リンク: BBC News - E. coli O157 linked to heart risk.

O157で心臓発作のリスク倍増

Catching the most dangerous strain of E. coli could increase the risk of high blood pressure and heart problems years later, say researchers.

A Canadian study of almost 2,000 who fell ill during an outbreak of E. coli O157 found heart attack risk doubled.

Writing in the British Medical Journal, the researchers recommended annual health checks, even for patients who had apparently fully recovered.

A microbiologist said basic food hygiene could prevent many cases.

There are an estimated 1m cases of food poisoning in the UK each year, but the O157 strain of E. coli is regarded as one of the most dangerous.

Low numbers

It can cause severe gastroenteritis and contact with small numbers of the bacteria, carried in animal faeces, is enough to make you ill.

There are approximately 1,000 confirmed cases each year in the UK, and while it is known to cause kidney problems in a small number of people, there has been little investigation into other possible longer-term complications.

The research team, based in Victoria Hospital, London Ontario, followed up people affected when the municipal water system in Walkerton became contaminated in May 2000.

Seven people died, and thousands fell ill, and while some were only mildly affected, many had significant symptoms, including severe diarrhoea.

Checking their medical history in the intervening years revealed that the rate of kidney problems tripled among those with gastroenteritis compared with those who were relatively unaffected.

The severely-hit patients were also slightly more likely to develop high blood pressure, and more than twice as likely to have a heart attack during this period.

The researchers suggested that the powerful toxin released by E. coli O157 could trigger inflammation that could affect blood vessel linings, and making heart and blood pressure problems more likely.

They recommended annual blood pressure checks for people who had been seriously affected by the strain.

The number of E. coli O157 cases in the UK has remained stable in recent years, ranging from approximately 800 to 1,200 annually.

However, despite the low numbers, Bob Martin, a microbiologist at the Food Standards Agency, said that people still needed to follow basic hygiene rules when buying and cooking meat products, or after handling animals.

He said: "It is a rare strain, but the key thing is to stop yourself falling ill in the first place.

"You can reduce the risk by keeping things clean in the domestic setting, and cooking food thoroughly, as this will kill off bugs, particularly things like sausages and burgers which are made from minced meat.

"Keeping food properly refrigerated is also important, as is preventing cross-contamination between raw meat and cooked food."

B 両親が離婚した子どもは脳卒中になりやすい?：HealthDay Articles

リンク: HealthDay Articles.

MONDAY, Nov. 22 (HealthDay News) -- Children of divorce appear to have more than double the lifetime risk for experiencing a stroke compared with those whose parents' marriage stays intact during their childhood, new research suggests.

The finding stems from a survey of more than 13,000 Canadians, about 10 percent of whom had experienced parental divorce when they were young children or adolescents.

"I certainly don't want this to be taken to mean that children from divorced households are condemned to have strokes," said study author Dr. Esme Fuller-Thomson, a professor and Sandra Rotman Chair in the faculties of social work, medicine and nursing at the University of Toronto.

"This is just one factor among many that may increase stroke risk," she noted. "And we don't know that it's causal, in the sense that divorce leads to a stroke. It could be that many other things are at work here that are related to divorce, but are not divorce itself. We just don't know yet."

Fuller-Thomson is slated to present her team's findings Monday at the Gerontological Society of America's annual meeting in New Orleans.

To explore the question, the authors sifted through data that had initially been collected in 2005 by Statistics Canada, the Canadian equivalent of the U.S. Census Bureau.

The current study focused on survey participants from two Canadian provinces, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

Nearly 1,400 of the 13,000 respondents had experienced parental divorce, and just fewer than 2 percent (248) said they had experienced a stroke at some point.

The research team looked into a wide range of potentially influential factors, including age, race, gender, socioeconomic background, educational background, adult mental health history, childhood physical abuse history, long-term parental unemployment, lifestyle issues (such as obesity, and smoking and drinking behaviors), and diabetes history.

Ultimately, the researchers determined none of these variables explained the bottom-line finding: that children of divorce seem to bear an approximately 2.2 times higher risk for lifetime stroke.

"This needs to be replicated several times to make sure there really is this relationship," cautioned Fuller-Thomson. "But if this holds up, one possible explanation is that adverse child experiences may become physically embedded in the way you react to stresses later on in life, particularly in terms of dysfunctions in cortisol levels, which is what's involved in the fight-or-flight mechanism. It's possible. But that's just a hypothesis at this point," she added.

"But the other important thing to note is that even if divorce is proved to cause stroke, many of these people who we looked at who are having stroke are now in their 60s, 70s and 80s," she noted. "That means they experienced divorce in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, when the consequences and context for divorce were quite different. So we can't take their experience and project into the future, since it's very different to be a child of divorce today. So this is novel and interesting, but people really should not go into panic mode over it."

Meanwhile, Dr. Kirk Garratt, clinical director of interventional cardiovascular research at Lenox Hill Hospital within the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Systems in New York City, agreed that it is premature to draw any conclusions based on the finding.

"But it certainly stimulates a discussion, because we would want to understand what actual mechanisms underpin this, particularly since divorce itself is probably not a modifiable risk factor. Meaning, you're not going to tell people they can't divorce because they're going to give their child a stroke," he explained.

"So what's worth looking at is not the socially charged issue of divorce itself," Garratt said, "but rather what is the unique social trauma that might come along with divorce that perhaps alters something physiologically in children of divorce. And that could prove to give some direction to studies of stress, and how stress can cause real physical harm."

More information

For more on divorce, children and stress, visit the Nemours Foundation.

SOURCES: Esme Fuller-Thomson, M.D., professor and Sandra Rotman Chair, faculties of social work, medicine and nursing, University of Toronto; Kirk Garratt, M.D., clinical director, interventional cardiovascular research, Lenox Hill Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Systems, New York City; Nov. 22, 2010, presentation, Gerontological Society of America's annual meeting, New Orleans

Last Updated: Nov. 22, 2010

G 介護ロボット：Robot Trained To Care For The Elderly At University Of Connecticut - latimes.com

リンク: Robot Trained To Care For The Elderly At University Of Connecticut - latimes.com.

ロボットはロボットらしい体裁がよろしい。

At the University of Connecticut, a robot named Nao is learning how to take care of elderly patients.

The toddler-sized machine is being programmed to determine how often it should remind its charges to take their medication, when to notify an overseer and when to just let the patients enjoy some autonomy.

The married researchers behind the project - philosopher Susan Anderson of the University of Connecticut and her husband, computer scientist Michael Anderson of the University of Hartford - say they're trying to create an "ethical robot."

Nao, a sleek creature with glowing eyes, represents a combination of basic ethical principles, machine learning techniques, and artificial intelligence science. It looks partly cute and partly creepy, walking in lolling steps and speaking in its mechanical voice: "It is time to take your medication."

The Andersons' work, still in its early stages, was featured in Scientific American in October.

カフェイン入りアルコール飲料は危険：FDA warns of 'state of wide-awake drunk' | Health & Medicine | Chron.com - Houston Chronicle

リンク: FDA warns of 'state of wide-awake drunk' | Health & Medicine | Chron.com - Houston Chronicle.

コーヒー焼酎を飲みたい人，つくりたい人は要チェック。

WASHINGTON — The Food and Drug Administration issued warning letters Wednesday to four manufacturers of alcoholic energy drinks, saying the caffeine added to their beverages is an "unsafe food additive."

FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg said the combinations of caffeine and alcohol in the drinks is a public health concern and can lead to "a state of wide-awake drunk." Evidence has shown their consumption has led to alcohol poisoning, car accidents and assaults, she said.

The government can seize the products if the companies continue to make them.

Several college students have been hospitalized in recent months after consuming the drinks. The FDA said experts have raised concerns that the caffeine in the drinks can mask a person's feeling of intoxication, leading to risky behavior.

In response to such incidents, four states — Washington, Michigan, Utah and Oklahoma — have banned the beverages. Other states are considering similar action.

Phusion Projects, which manufactures Four Loko, announced late Tuesday that it would reformulate its drinks, removing caffeine.

The company's statement said it was removing caffeine from the drinks after unsuccessfully trying to deal with "a difficult and politically-charged regulatory environment at both the state and federal levels."

"We have repeatedly contended — and still believe, as do many people throughout the country — that the combination of alcohol and caffeine is safe," said Chris Hunter, Jeff Wright and Jaisen Freeman, who identify themselves as Phusion's three co-founders and current managing partners.

Four Loko comes in several varieties, including fruit punch and blue raspberry. A 23.5-ounce can sells for about $2.50 and has an alcohol content of 12 percent, comparable to four beers, according to the company's website.

The FDA said it views Phusion Projects' announcement as a positive step, but officials said they have not yet heard directly from the company about its timeline for taking the drinks off the market. The FDA also issued warning letters to Charge Beverages Corp., New Century Brewing Co. and United Brands Company Inc.

Last year the FDA notified more than two dozen manufacturers of caffeinated alcoholic beverages that it never had specifically approved the addition of caffeine to alcoholic drinks and began studying whether it was unsafe and should be outlawed. The agency noted the mix's growing popularity among college students and its potential health and safety issues.

肥満と嗅覚の関係：Obesity's link to sense of smell

リンク: BBC News - Obesity's link to sense of smell.

People who are overweight have a greater sense of smell for food, a study has found.

Researchers from the University of Portsmouth say their early findings may go towards explaining why some people struggle to stay slim.

Experts already know that part of the brain that processes information about odour is also connected to the feeding centres of the brain.

The latest research is published in the journal Chemical Senses.

In the UK, a quarter of adults are obese and doctors fear that the incidence will only rise in the future as more and more people continue to pile on excess weight.

While too much food and too little exercise may be largely to blame, scientists have been searching for the underlying causes driving the obesity epidemic.

To this end, Dr Lorenzo Stafford and his team set out to study if a skewed sense of smell could be partly to blame.

Heightened sense

His team asked 64 volunteers to take part in a series of experiments that tested their smelling ability.

Their study found that people appear to be slightly better at smelling food odours after they have eaten rather than when they are hungry.

Scientists do not yet know why this is, but Dr Stafford suspects that it could be the body's way of detecting and rejecting foods no longer needed in order to maintain the right energy balance and stop a person eating too much.

His team found that people who are overweight - those with a higher body mass index or BMI - have a far heightened sense of smell for food compared to slim people, particularly after they have eaten a full meal.

Dr Stafford believes this keener sense of smell might compel the individual to carry on eating, even when they are full.

He said: "It could be speculated that for those with a propensity to gain weight, their higher sense of smell for food related odours might actually play a more active role in food intake.

"Hopefully this research will stimulate more work in this area with the potential to help those who struggle with their weight and those who treat people with weight problems."

Bypass patients can benefit from a few drinks

リンク: Bypass patients can benefit from a few drinks: study | Reuters.

(Reuters) - Men who underwent heart bypass surgery and consumed about two drinks a day afterward had fewer subsequent cardiovascular procedures than those who abstained, according to a study released Sunday.

Light alcohol consumption was associated with a 25 percent reduction in additional heart procedures, heart attacks or strokes in the study by Italian researchers, presented at the annual meeting of the American Heart Association in Chicago.

"The benefit of light amounts of alcohol consumption has been documented in healthy individuals, but our analysis showed a benefit from light alcohol intake in post-coronary bypass patients," said Dr. Umberto Benedetto, of the University of Rome La Sapienza.

However, bypass patients with a condition called left ventricular dysfunction who were heavy drinkers, defined as having more than six drinks daily, were twice as likely to die from heart problems, the study found.

The Italian researchers used a questionnaire to compare alcohol consumption in 1,021 men who underwent heart bypass surgery and reviewed their medical history for 3-1/2 years.

The study also found no adverse correlation between moderate alcohol consumption and any medication.

The American Heart Association recommends men limit themselves to two drinks a day and women to one drink a day, because too much alcohol can raise blood pressure and have other negative effects.

(Reporting by Susan Kelly, editing by Marguerita Choy)

米飯摂取と糖尿病との関連

リンク: 米飯摂取と糖尿病との関連について | 現在までの成果 | 多目的コホート研究 | 独立行政法人 国立がん研究センター　がん予防・検診研究センター 予防研究部.

独立行政法人 国立がん研究センター　がん予防・検診研究センター 予防研究部

-「多目的コホート研究（JPHC研究）」からの成果-
私たちは、いろいろな生活習慣と、がん・脳卒中・心筋梗塞などの病気との関係を明らかにし、日本人の生活習慣病予防に役立てるための研究を行っています。平成２年（1990年）と平成５年（1993年）に、岩手県二戸、秋田県横手、長野県佐久、沖縄県中部、茨城県水戸、新潟県長岡、高知県中央東、長崎県上五島、沖縄県宮古の９保健所（呼称は2010年現在）管内にお住まいだった方々のうち、研究開始から５年後に行った調査時に糖尿病やがん、循環器疾患になっていなかった45～74歳の男女約６万人を、５年間追跡した調査結果にもとづいて、米飯摂取と糖尿病発症との関連を調べた結果を、専門誌で論文発表しましたので紹介します(American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010年11月WEB先行公開)。

炭水化物の高摂取は糖尿病のリスクを高めることが諸外国の研究で報告されていますが、米を主食とする日本人において米飯摂取により糖尿病のリスクが高まるかどうかは明らかではありません。そこで、米飯摂取と糖尿病発症との関連について検討しました。

女性で糖尿病発症のリスクが上昇
研究開始から５年後に行なったアンケート調査の結果を用いて、米飯の摂取量により４つのグループに分類し、その後５年間の糖尿病発症（男性625人、女性478人）との関連を調べました。糖尿病の発症は、研究開始10年後に行った自記式調査で、上記追跡期間内に糖尿病と診断されたことがある場合としました。

その結果、女性では米飯摂取が多くなるほど糖尿病発症のリスクが上昇する傾向が認められました。摂取量が最も少ないグループに比べ１日３杯および１日４杯以上のグループでは糖尿病のリスクがそれぞれ1.48倍、1.65倍に上昇していました。さらに、米飯にあわ・ひえ・麦を混ぜない人に限って調べたところ、より強い関連がみられました。男性でも同様の傾向がみられましたが、統計学的に有意なリスク上昇ではありませんでした。パンやめん類では糖尿病リスクとの関連は認めませんでした。

筋肉労働や激しいスポーツをしない人で、米飯摂取による糖尿病リスクが上昇
筋肉労働や激しいスポーツを１日１時間以上する人としない人に分けて調べたところ、米飯摂取により糖尿病のリスクが上昇する傾向は男女ともにそのような活動をしない人において認められましたが、１日１時間以上する人ではみられませんでした。

今回の研究では、女性及び筋肉労働をしていない男性において、米飯摂取により糖尿病発症のリスクが上昇するという結果が得られました。その理由として、白米は精白の過程で糖尿病に予防的に働く食物繊維やマグネシウムが失われることや、食後の血糖上昇の指標であるグリセミックインデックスが高いことが挙げられます。筋肉労働や激しいスポーツを１日１時間以上しない人でのみ米飯摂取により糖尿病のリスクが上昇していたことから、身体活動量が高い人では米飯摂取が多くてもエネルギーの消費と摂取のバランスが保たれていることが考えられます。また、女性においては、米飯に雑穀を混ぜない人で糖尿病のリスクがさらに上昇していたことから、糖尿病予防には、日常の身体活動量を増やすとともに、雑穀を取り入れるなどの米飯摂取後の血糖上昇を抑えるような工夫も大切であると考えられます。

Google検索で自殺対策：BBC News - Google offers Samaritans link-up

リンク: BBC News - Google offers Samaritans link-up.

Google has launched a link-up with Samaritans, displaying the charity's helpline number in response to UK search queries relating to suicide.

Web users entering the word "suicide" or the phrase "commit suicide" will now be shown a red telephone icon at the top of the list of results.

The icon will showcase contact details for Samaritans.

The service, which is designed to be more prominent than advertisements, was first introduced in the US in April.

Google says it aims to connect people who are depressed, suicidal or in distress to information that could help them seek advice and support.

"People turn to the internet for information and advice all the time," said Google's UK chief, Matt Brittin.

"We hope that by adding a highly visible link on searches relating to suicide, Google can help guide those who are vulnerable, distressed or suicidal to the renowned expertise and support service offered by Samaritans."

However, only searches involving "suicide" appear to bring up the direct Samaritans result. In addition, the only direct link to Samaritans' website appears to the right, in Google's section reserved for paid advertising.

More general searches on the subject without using the specific word appear to return a welter of unfiltered web results, and no telephone contact for Samaritans.

A spokeswoman for Google said the system had been extensively tested in the US.

More terms were likely to be added as the service matured over time, she added.

Samaritans welcomed Google's move, calling the new feature a "positive step".

"The internet is a rapidly expanding phenomenon that allows people to access huge amounts of information, much of which is helpful but some of which can occasionally be dangerous," said chief executive Catherine Johnstone.

"It is therefore important that vulnerable and distressed people are steered towards safe places such as Samaritans."

Samaritans in the UK offer confidential support by phone 24 hours a day, seven days a week on 08457 90 90 90.

研いだナイフの効用：Family Kitchen: Sharp knife the first step toward wellness? - USATODAY.com

リンク: Family Kitchen: Sharp knife the first step toward wellness? - USATODAY.com.

By Kim O'Donnel, USA TODAY

We've all heard the time-honored expression "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." But what about a cutting board? Could daily interaction with kitchen tools actually make us healthier? Preston Maring thinks so.
I interviewed Maring last year about the organic farmers market he founded in 2003 in a parking lot at the Kaiser Permanente medical center in Oakland, where he has been practicing medicine since 1971. Maring's pioneering efforts have paved the way for farmers markets at 31 Kaiser facilities in four states.

But increasing access to fresh food is only part of the equation to wellness, Maring says. The other component — often overlooked — is actually putting those ingredients to use at mealtime. Since 2005, Maring has been sharing recipes on his cooking blog, and now Maring's son, Ben, a fourth-year resident at New York University School of Medicine, has joined the kitchen bandwagon, teaching his fellow med students how to cook.

Yes, you read that correctly: Doctors are sharing recipes and teaching people how to cook. Could cooking become the 21st-century prescription for wellness?

After several weeks promoting my new book, The Meat Lover's Meatless Cookbook, I pulled off the road last month to find out. Maring invited me to Kaiser's Food for Health forum, a one-day conference connecting many culinary-medicinal dots.

In his opening address, Maring, who was master of ceremonies, called attention to "four things that can create change: one sharp knife, two cutting boards and a salad spinner."

In a recent phone conversation, I pressed him to elaborate on this highly unconventional sentiment, which has stuck with me like the smell of freshly baked cookies.

"People wouldn't drive their Prius or Hummer or Classic Camaro with only 5 pounds of air in their tires," Maring said. "We all know that we need a whole lot more air in those tires for those machines to run."

Similarly, he explained, a kitchen knife needs to be sharp so it can get the job done.

"There is a certain pleasure feeling the knife going through the skin of a tomato, dicing an onion quickly and being able to thinly slice celery stalks," Maring explained.

"Having a sharp chef's knife and two cutting boards (one for fruit and vegetables, the other for animal proteins) makes the right thing easy. What can be easier than mincing some garlic, dicing up an onion, chopping up tiny cubes of winter root veg, roasting the veg at 425 degrees for 20 minutes and throwing everything into a pot with water or stock? Now you've got yourself a spectacular soup.

"All of that comes from having a chef's knife. And all of that can happen while watching the World Series on TV, or Sunday football."

I told Maring that as much as I'd like people to board the eat-less-meat train and buy my book, I'm much more interested in getting Americans to cook, period. What if, I proposed, we all committed to cooking at home once a week? Meat-filled or meat-less — it doesn't matter. Just as long as we do something in the kitchen other than make coffee. I'd heard from readers who complained about the amount of prep time needed to chop vegetables or who made excuses (living alone among them).

But then he reminded me of the immediate benefits: "When you cook something that's fresh, you have total input over what you're eating — over the amount of salt, over freshness and flavor, and over your budget. You have the possibility of doing a good thing for yourself and for your kids, all by cooking from scratch."

How's that for doctor's orders?

がん冊子「患者必携」

リンク: がん「患者必携」知って…栃木県が公開講座 : 医療ニュース : yomiDr./ヨミドクター(読売新聞).

国が、がん患者に必要な情報をまとめた冊子「患者必携」が完成し、県内の相談窓口を載せた「地域の療養情報・栃木」と合わせ、インターネット（http://ganjoho.jp）で公開を始めた。

　県は７日、患者必携の普及を図る公開講座を宇都宮市の県立がんセンターで開き、患者や医療関係者ら約１８０人が参加した。

　国は２００７年、がん死亡者の２０％減を目標としたがん対策推進基本計画を策定し、その中で「がん医療に関する相談支援・情報提供」の強化方針を打ち出している。患者必携は、情報提供の一環として国立がん研究センターがまとめた。

　３冊で構成、がんと診断されて間もない患者にがんとの向き合い方をアドバイスする「がんになったら手にとるガイド」や、患者が医師から受けた説明や質問事項を書き込む「わたしの療養手帳」などがある。このほか、栃木、茨城、静岡、愛媛４県では、試行的に「地域の療養情報」を製作。栃木版では、県内６か所のがん診療連携拠点病院や、相談支援センターの連絡先も掲載している。患者必携は、現在はまだインターネット上でしか公開していないが、来年１月頃から、印刷した冊子も書店や病院売店などで販売していく予定という。

　７日に開かれた公開講座では、国立がん研究センターの渡辺清高・がん対策情報センター室長が基調講演した。患者必携の活用法などを説明し、「患者さんがどこの機関に何を相談すべきかを知る手がかりになると思う」と話した。また、コメンテーターとして出席した県看護協会の河野順子会長は「患者さんが一番接するのは看護師。我々も患者必携の内容を理解して、看護に臨みたい」と語った。

（2010年11月8日 読売新聞）

Red meat linked to esophageal, stomach cancer risks | Reuters

リンク: Red meat linked to esophageal, stomach cancer risks | Reuters.

Reuters Health - Red-meat lovers may have a greater likelihood of developing certain cancers of the throat and stomach than people who limit their intake of steaks and hamburgers, a new study suggests.

Researchers found that among nearly 500,000 older U.S. adults followed for a decade, only a small number developed cancers of the esophagus or stomach. However, the risks were relatively greater among those who ate a lot of red meat, or certain compounds generated from cooking meat.

Overall, study participants in the top 20 percent for red-meat intake were 79 percent more likely than those in the bottom 20 percent to develop esophageal squamous cell carcinoma -- a cancer that arises in the lining of the upper part of the esophagus.

Meanwhile, the risk of a type of cancer in the upper portion of the stomach near the esophagus (gastric cardia) was elevated among men and women with the highest estimated intake of one form of heterocyclic amine (HCA). HCAs are compounds that form when meat is cooked using high-temperature methods, such as grilling over an open flame; they have been found to cause cancer in lab animals.

The findings, reported in the American Journal of Gastroenterology, do not prove that red meat promotes the two cancers, the researchers emphasize.

But the results add to what has been an uncertain body of evidence on the link between red meat and esophageal and stomach cancers.

A 2007 research review by the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research, both non-profit groups, concluded that red and processed meats were associated with a "limited suggestive increased risk" of esophageal cancer.

The report also said there was a similar level of evidence for a link between processed meats and stomach cancer, and insufficient data on whether red meat intake is connected to the cancer at all.

However, most of the studies considered in the report were so-called case-control studies, where researchers ask patients with a given disease about their past lifestyle habits and other health factors, then compare them to a group of healthy individuals.

That type of study design can offer only limited evidence about whether a particular exposure -- like red meat in the diet -- is related to a disease risk, explained Dr. Amanda J. Cross, a researcher at the U.S. National Cancer Institute who led the new study.

Studies with prospective designs, which follow initially healthy people over time, provide stronger evidence.

In addition, most earlier research did not look at meat intake and different subtypes of esophageal and stomach cancers. That is important, Cross told Reuters Health, because the different subtypes seem to have different risk factors.

So for their study, Cross and her colleagues prospectively followed 494,979 U.S. adults ages 50 to 71 over roughly 10 years. At the outset, participants completed detailed questionnaires on their diets -- including the methods they typically used for cooking meat, and the usual level of "doneness" they preferred -- as well as other lifestyle factors.

Over the next decade, 215 study participants developed esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; that included 28 cases among the bottom 20 percent for red-meat intake, and 69 cases in the top 20 percent.

Another 454 men and women were diagnosed with gastric cardia cancer. There were 57 cases among participants with the lowest red-meat intake, and 113 in the group with the highest intake.

When the researchers accounted for other factors -- like age, weight, smoking and reported exercise habits -- participants who ate the most red meat were 79 percent more likely than those with the lowest intake to develop squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

Red meat itself was not associated with gastric cardia cancer. But for one type of HCA, known as DiMelQx, men and women in the top 20 percent for intake had a 44 percent higher risk of gastric cardia cancer than those in the bottom 20 percent.

Red meat was not clearly linked to esophageal adenocarcinoma -- a cancer that arises in glandular cells in the lower esophagus, and is the more common form seen in the U.S. -- or to cancers in other parts of the stomach (non-cardia stomach cancers).

The different findings for different cancer subtypes are "not hugely surprising," Cross said, since they may differ in their underlying causes. She noted, for instance, that smoking and heavy drinking appear to be stronger risk factors for esophageal squamous cell cancer compared with adenocarcinoma, while obesity seems to be a greater factor in adenocarcinoma risk.

It is somewhat surprising, Cross said, that none of the HCA compounds the researchers assessed was related to esophageal squamous cell cancer, even though red-meat intake was. It is thought that, if red meat does contribute to the cancer, HCA exposure would be one reason why.

The bottom line, Cross said, is that further large, prospective studies are needed to see whether the relationship between red meat and the two cancers is real. She pointed out, though, that many health authorities already recommend that people limit their consumption of red and processed meats for the sake of their overall health.

The American Cancer Society estimates that about 21,000 cases of stomach cancer and 16,640 cases of esophageal cancer will be diagnosed in 2010.

SOURCE: link.reuters.com/vuv93q American Journal of Gastroenterology, online October 26, 2010.

血糖値上げる肝臓ホルモン発見

リンク: 血糖値上げる肝臓ホルモン発見＝糖尿病の新たな治療法に期待―金沢大 （時事通信） - Yahoo!ニュース.

　金沢大の金子周一教授らの研究チームは5日、肝臓で作られるホルモンが血糖値を上げ、インスリンによる糖尿病治療を邪魔することを発見したと発表した。これまで後天性の糖尿病は脂肪摂取が主な原因と考えられており、肝臓との関連が見いだされたのは初めて。
　研究チームは、このホルモンの生成を抑制できれば、副作用の少ない治療につながると期待している。研究成果は、米科学誌セル・メタボリズムに掲載された。
　このホルモンは「セレノプロテインP」と呼ばれ、抗酸化物質セレンを運ぶ役割をする。セレンはアンチエイジング効果があるとしてサプリメントなどに用いられている。
　研究チームは、同大付属病院の糖尿病患者を調査したところ、セレノプロテインPの血中濃度が高いことに着目。マウス実験で、同ホルモンを打ったマウスは血糖値が上がり、インスリンが効きにくくなることを突き止めた。肝臓での同ホルモン生成を抑える薬を打ったマウスは血糖値が下がることも分かった。
　研究チームは、セレノプロテインPなど糖尿病に関与する肝臓由来ホルモンを「ヘパトカイン」と命名。これらは糖尿病だけでなく、メタボリック症候群やがんなどとの関連も考えられるという。

Free download, ダウンロードはこちらから：「図表でわかる介護福祉士国家試験のポイント50 総ルビ版」（50 tips of national examination for care worker, easily read version）

■Dear customers, we’re now ready for publishing new version of our 2007 book, “50 tips of national examination for care worker”.

This is a “So-Rubi（総ルビ）-easily read” version, so that all “kanjis（漢字）” are easily read by having “hiraganas（ひらがな）” individually.

We hope that this version of book is useful to foreign students who will take a national examination for care worker, and you’re going to free-download!.

Editions Bonsoir 11/5/2010

■（以下，ダウンロード前にごらんください）

小社が2007年に発行した

「図表でわかる　介護福祉士国家試験のポイント50　2008年版」

に総ルビをつけたバージョン（B5版，336ページ）を公開しました。

すべての漢字にふりがなをつけました。著作権は著者（大森千令氏），および出版社（ボンソワール書房）に帰属しますが，無料でダウンロードできます。

同書は2008年以降絶版となっていましたが，介護福祉士をめざすみなさんに，特にインドネシアやフィリピンから来日して介護福祉士をめざしているみなさんに，少しでも役立てばと考え，著者の大森千令氏にもご快諾いただきました。

同書は介護福祉士国家試験のポイントを，従来の科目にとらわれず，横断的なテーマ50で網羅した書籍です。同書発行以降，法律などの改正もありますが，ほとんどのテーマが現在でも通用します。（不明の点については，現場の介護福祉士のみなさんや，学校の先生などに聞いてください。）

なお小社では，同書の内容および介護福祉士国家試験などに関するお問い合わせには，お答えする予定はありません。無料ダウンロードを考慮していただき，なにとぞご容赦ください。

2010年11月5日　ボンソワール書房

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モヤモヤ病：発症遺伝子を発見

リンク: モヤモヤ病：発症遺伝子を発見　東北大大学院研究グループ - 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞).

モヤモヤ病：発症遺伝子を発見　東北大大学院研究グループ
　脳内の血流が滞り、脳卒中を引き起こす難病「モヤモヤ病」を発症させる遺伝子を東北大大学院医学系研究科の呉（くれ）繁夫准教授らの研究グループが発見した。遺伝子検査による発症リスクの予測や正確な診断が可能となり、遺伝子機能を調べることで新たな治療法に結びつくことも期待される。研究成果は４日付で日本人類遺伝学会（東京都）の学会誌電子版に掲載された。

　研究グループは、モヤモヤ病の患者と健康な人のＤＮＡを比較。患者の７割が「ＲＮＦ２１３」という特定遺伝子に変異があることを突き止めた。この変異により、モヤモヤ病の発症リスクは約１９０倍に上昇する。日本や韓国に患者が多い理由は、この遺伝子変異を受け継いでいる家系が多いからと考えられるという。

　ただ変異が見つからなかった患者もいるため、呉准教授は「複数の遺伝子が発症に関係していると考えられる」とみている。

　モヤモヤ病は国が特定疾患に定めている難病で、厚生労働省の統計によると、全国で１万２８８５人（０９年度末）が医療費助成を受けている。発症すると脳動脈が狭まり、脳血流を維持しようとして周囲に毛細血管が多数できる。撮影すると煙のように見えることからモヤモヤ病と名付けられた。【比嘉洋】